Descartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world has always been that they presuppose faith; that is one cannot be reasoned into believing in a religion, if such was not the case then we would have seen a huge migration to one religion or another. In any given religion, the main proof†¦show more content†¦From that single observation he deduces a rule that he will build his entire argument upon. Descartes notices that the idea of his existence is very clear and distinct in his mind; based upon this clarity, and the fact that he has just determined his own existence, he infers that the things that he sees as very clear and very distinct are all true. Descartes employs another interesting rule for his logic, or way of thinking: an objective reality cannot exist without formal reality. That is to say that an idea cannot originate without a cause. The ideas can be less perfect than their cause, but they cannot be more perfect. He also explains that those ideas in us that apparently do not have formal reality, such as a mermaid, are merely combinations of other formal realities- in this case a woman and a mermaid -- and thus do not invalidate the rule. Descartes also explains the difference between being an idea and being merely an opposite of an idea. He uses heat and cold as his example; whereas heat is an idea, cold is simply non-existence of heat. That is a very important idea that he uses in his argument to exclude a potential critique of his argument. Descartes, after establishing his rules, explains that he knows that he is not perfect. He knows that b ecause he doubts, and he can clearly see that knowing is more perfect than doubting. From that he determines that within him liesShow MoreRelatedDescartes Proof Of The Existence Of God1609 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ideas upon which Descartes’s proof of the existence of God rests is that rational minds face constraints. While God is the absolute infinite, humans and other beings exist with limitations on their actions. One of these limitations is human intellect, which Descartes names as one component of the cause of our tendency toward error as humans. The finite nature of human intellect, he argues, combines with an infinite will which causes us to seek an understanding of phenomenaRead MoreEssay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God1543 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay3414 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Many readers follow Descartes with fascination and pleasure as he descends into the pit of skepticism in the first two Meditations, defeats the skeptics by finding the a version of the cogito, his nature, and that of bodies, only to find them selves baffled and repulsed when they come to his proof for the existence of God in Meditation III. In large measure this change of attitude results from a number of factors. One is that the proof is complicatedRead MoreDescartes First Proof of The Existence of God Essays1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes believed that God exists. His proof of an all perfect being’s existence was explained by having an idea of God that had to have been caused by God. But simply having an idea of God is not enough for there to necessarily exist such a being. This paper will critically examine Descartes’s causal argument though its premises and conclusion. Descartes makes an attempt to prove God’s existence throughout his third meditation. In his first premise he statesRead MoreComparing Socrates And Descartes On The Proof Of Existence Of God1759 Words   |  8 PagesComparison between Socrates and Descartes on the proof of existence of God. Socrates is who established ancient philosophy with Plato and Aristotle. His philosophy effects Western system of philosophy. He was born BC 470 in Athens and his father was a sculptor and his mother was midwife. He focuses teaching other people that philosophical argument in his life. He doesn’t want material for teaching because he doesn’t have material greed. His goals are verifying the oracle, question our belief, andRead MoreDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three This paper is intended to explain and evaluate Descartes proof for the existence of god in Meditation Three. It shall show the weaknesses in the proof, but also give credit to the strengths in his proof. It will give a background of what Descartes has already accepted as what he truly knows. The paper will also state Descartes two major points for the existence of God and why the points can easily be proven false. The paper willRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Instructions: First: Analyze and evaluate the two proofs of Gods existence. How are they different? Is one more convincing than the other? Why did Descartes think he needed two proofs? Do they do different work for him? And secondly: Does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us with

Othello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay - 1230 Words

Previously, in Act 3.4, Othello begins to suspect Desdemona’s loyalty, as he continuously asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, yet she keeps on changing the topic. In Act 4.1, Iago continues to convince Othello of Desdemona’s faithfulness. In Act 3.4, Othello defended Desdemona when Iago accused her; but in Act 4.1, their position is switched. Othello becomes more aware of what Iago is saying and the anger that he has towards Iago has significantly reduced, while he begins to doubt Desdemona. In this passage, Iago’s malignant heart caused him to continue to exploit Othello by making him believe that Desdemona is unfaithful. Iago’s manipulative skills to poison Othello s weaknesses are found through syntax, symbols, and soliloquy. Firstly, William Shakespeare uses syntax to present how Iago tell Othello the news of Desdemona’s infidelity to Othello. in When Othello is eager to know what Cassio told Iago, Iago only answers â€Å"Lie—,† (4.1.34). The dash represents a pause that Iago purposely created to make Othello to fill in the blank. He wants Othello to use his own mind to imagine what Cassio might have done to Desdemona and wants him to make his own conclusions. Although the word â€Å"lie† (4.1.34) can be interpreted in numerous ways, Iago knows that Othello will portray it as â€Å"lie with Desdemona†. Instead of directly accusing Desdemona, Iago carefully hints to Othello of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. This leads to Iago successfully raising Othello’s anger evenShow MoreRelatedOthello : William Shakespeare s Othello2542 Words   |  11 Pages3 March 2015 Othello Introduction Shakespeare is the second most quoted writer in the English language – after the various writers of the Bible. Many of Shakespeare’s ideas for the play Othello came from a collection of tales written by Giraldi Cinthio. In Othello the character of Iago acts as the prominent main character throughout the play, even though he plays the role of the antagonist to the other central characters in the comedy Iago is the tragic hero. Shakespeare’s Othello was not justRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages In William Shakespeare s Othello, Iago s character is perhaps the most appalling scalawag. Oxford s Dictionary characterizes miscreant as an, an evil individual; boss insidious character in a play or a story (Oxford 740). Iago plays the antiquated of Othello, who is the general of the Venetian powers. As an old, Iago is to be an unwavering worker to Othello. In any case, Iago has developed intense and scornful and utilizes his gathered steadfastness as a wedge to bring about Othello s endRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello1720 Words   |  7 PagesDejenara Williams Ms.Milliner EES21QH-04 January ,18,2017 In this world there are two different types of people. There are those with a fixed mindset and others with a growth mindset . Each of these mindset involve different personality and characteristics. This may create a different outlook on life, meaning different morals and actions. Which happens to come into play while reading shakespeare s Othello. Most of the characters , maybe even all fit into either categories. CharactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello s Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pages Racist Ideology As Seen In Othello As a writer, William Shakespeare possessed an uncanny ability to address topics that were, for the most part, unnoticed in society. Every one of his characters feels realistic because they are so complex and based on psychological motivations. When Shakespeare’s Othello was first written, there was undoubtedly a complicated relationship between white English citizens and so called â€Å"foreigners†. However, society’s inability to understand or accept different culturesRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare897 Words   |  4 PagesIago’s main reason to denigrate Desdemona’s character is his love for Othello. Consequently, he will do anything to gain Othello’s admiration. When Iago is putting his plan into action and planting in Othello’s mind that Desdemona is not faithful to him, Iago says: Othello kneels .............................................................................................. IAGO: Do not rise yet. Iago kneels Witness, you ever-burning lights above, You elements that clip us round above, Witness thatRead MoreOthello s Othello By William Shakespeare848 Words   |  4 Pages Desdemona’s Passivity [In the Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello†] Desdemona is a passive character in the Shakespeare play â€Å"Othello†. We can identify this as a fault in Desdemona, in various acts and scenes throughout the play. A critic had stated that â€Å"Desdemona is passive, acted upon rather than acting.† This is a valid statement which is noticeable in Desdemona’s character. When Desdemona argues Cassio’s position that Othello stripped from him. We see from this that she could have actedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello 1386 Words   |  6 Pagesblood-crimson of lust and the jade-green of jealously are but two of the vast palate required to paint this inescapable human passion. William Shakespeare’s store of colors is unrivaled. No human failing, foible or foolishness escapes his gentle, comedic reproof. He equally enjoins his audience to venture as bravely as he does into the palpable horror of love gone amiss. In â€Å"OTHELLO,†Ã¢â‚¬Å"MACBETH,† and many more dramas, l ove’s fatal potential to provoke vengeance or the quest for earthly power is powerfully feltRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello1209 Words   |  5 PagesOthello Down Shakespeare s Othello comprises of the subjects betrayal, affection and dishonesty. At the focal point of this play is the lamentable ruin of Othello because of his so-called friend Iago. In this paper I will be examining the explanations behind and against Othello being in charge of his defeat through taking a gander at critical interpretations of his character and activities. Othello was profoundly in charge to his own destruction as Iago demonstrating to him to be gullible andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello1385 Words   |  6 PagesFor the time Othello was set in, 16th century Elizabethan society held strong socioeconomic roles that governed social statuses. In Shakespeare’s Othello, class positions become a theme that emphasizes power as a major role in relationships. In the case of Othello, a general of the Venetian army, and Iago, one of his trusted advisors, that power struggle is the force that dominants the play and leads to the disastrous and memorable ending. Machiavelli’s treatise, The Prince, examines the dynamicRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, And Othello Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesable to find these undertones and pieces of symbolism in the plays of Everyman, by Peter van Diest, and Othello, by William Shakespeare, the easiest to explain. If you were like me in high school, this essay might be ab le to help hone your ability to see these symbolisms easier. This analysis will go over the strong religion behind the play of Everyman, and the idea of â€Å"the Other† in the play Othello. The play of Everyman starts out with a messenger, and he demands everyone to settle down so they can

Impact On Liquidators Pursuing Insolvent †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Impact On Liquidators Pursuing Insolvent? Answer: Introduction The directors of the company have being given the responsibility to work on behalf of the shareholders and run the affairs of the company to the best of manner. This responsibility has been given to the directors through different provisions of the governing act, i.e., the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth). This act is applicable upon all of the companies, who have their business or operate out of Australia, unless specifically exempted (Baxt, 2007). Amongst the different duties of the directors is the duty to prevent insolvent trading. However, this does not mean that the directors have to stop taking the risky decision, just because a risk element is present, for the fear of breach of provisions of this act. They can make a sound business decision, provided it is sound. In other words, such a decision has to be taken after careful analysis and observation of the present facts (Paolini, 2014). Hall v Poolman (2007) NSWSC 1330 gives an excellent explanation of the use of insolvency provis ions and the defence presented through the Corporations Act (Morrison, 2010). This discussion presents an analysis of this case, where the issues and rules of the case have been separately broken down and have been applied to the facts of the case. Background of the Case A winery and a vineyard were owned by Reynolds Group of companies near New South Waless Orange. The group entered into a voluntary administration in August 2003 and afterwards, in November 2003, went into voluntary liquidation. When the group entered into liquidation, the secured creditors collectively owed around $30 million and the unsecured creditors stood at $99 million where there were no assets and even the funds on hand were limited. The fund pool was so less that the funds were insufficient in covering the costs of the initial voluntary administration. Consequently, there were very less chances that a dividend could be paid to the creditors and also, the funds were not available to pay the costs of the liquidator. The directors of the company, during October 2002 to August 2003 were the defendants Peter Poolman and Malcolm Irving (Trickey, 2016). After the further investigation was conducted into the group, the liquidators applied to pursue the directors of the group. And so, the liquidators went ahead with the examination of the directors and the proceeding liquidation based on the liquidation funding agreement. Even after the steps were taken to initiate the proceedings against the directors of the group in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, it remained a highly unlikely prospective particularly for the outcome for the directors being a success, and it was also unlikely that the creditors would receive a dividend; further, even if a dividend was available, it would be minimalistic. And so, any fund which was recovered pursuant to liquidation would go mostly towards the fees of the liquidator (Trickey, 2016). The key issue which was examined under this case was the liability for the decisions which were made when the business was facing financial hardships, involving the insolvent trading of the directors and exercising discretion in relieving the director from the liabilities arising from insolvent trading (Lewis, 2010). The companies are given the status of separate legal entity in Australia and each company has their own rights and own liabilities (Latimer, 2012). This has been upheld in a number of cases, for instance Walker v Wimborne [1976] HCA 7 and Industrial Equity Ltd v Blackburn [1977] HCA 59; (1977) 137 CLR 567 where it was stated that in case of group companies, there is no justification for summing up the liabilities of the group companies as every company is a separate legal entity (Austlii, 2007). Section 588G of the Corporations Act, 2001 is a key section covering the duties of the directors. As per this section, it is the duty of the director to prevent the insolvent trading by the company (References Armstrong Lawyers, 2007). The section becomes applicable when the company incurs a debt at such time when the individual was a director; where the company was insolvent at that particular period of time or became insolvent as a result of incurring such debt; and there were reasonable grounds for doubting the solvency of the company or would become insolvent. In case the director fails in preventing the company from incurring such debt, where the individual was aware or had the grounds to suspect the solvency of the company and where a prudent individual would be aware of such condition having similar position in the company, section 588G(1) is deemed to be breached on the basis of this subsection (2). And this breach invites civil penalties based on section 1317E(1). Even crimi nal liabilities are attracted for breach of subsection (1), pursuant to subsection (3) which states that when the company incurs a debt when it was insolvent and where the director suspected of this condition of the company and still lets the company incur the debts, where the failure to prevent the company from incurring the debt was dishonest, criminal liability has to be attached (WIPO, 2015). Section 1317E contains the civil penalty provisions as per which the court has the power of making a declaration of contravention where they are satisfied that the civil provisions have been contravened. When such happens, the ASIC can apply for pecuniary penalties as per section 11317G or can apply for disqualification of the director based on section 206C of the Corporations Act (ICNL, 2017). A defence from section 588G can be found in section 588H which provides that where the director can show that at the time of incurring the debt, they had reasonable grounds to believe that the company was solvent at that point of time or that it would remain solvent even after incurring the debt. It has to be established that there were reasonable grounds to believe that a rationale or competent person was responsible for providing the director with the adequate information which depicted the solvency of the company and that this other person had the full responsibility of such information. It also has to be shown that reliance was made on such information by the director (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Section 588M of this act provides that the provisions regarding the recovery of compensation for the losses born out of insolvent trading. This section is application only when the debt is incurred after contravening section 588G and where the person to whom the debt was owed bore a damage or loss, where the debt was partly or wholly unsecured and the company was being wound up (Austlii, 2017). Section 1317S provides the provision regarding relief from liability for the breach of civil penalty provisions. As per this section, where a proceeding is brought against an eligible person and it appears to the court that the person may have breached the civil penalty provisions, though the person acted in an honest manner and based on the circumstances present, the person should be fairly excused from thee particular breach, than the court could relieve such person in partly or wholly from the liability which would otherwise have been applied as a result of the contravention undertaken (Austlii, 2017). Section 1318 of this act provides the provisions regarding the power to grant relief (BRI Ferrier, 2015). As per this section, where the civil proceedings are brought against an individual for breach of duty in any capacity, or for negligence, and it appears before the court that the person had acted in an honest manner and that based on the circumstances present, the person should be excused from such breach on the terms as are deemed fit by the court (Wong, 2009). Application In this case, Peter Poolman and Malcolm Irving were the directors of the case and they owed a duty under section 588G of Corporations Act, to protect the company from insolvent trading. The main issue which has to be analysed on the basis of the rules stated here is whether the company was insolvent when the debt was incurred by the company and regarding the knowledge of the two directors, along with the presence of reasonable grounds for suspecting the insolvency of the company along with the other different requirements of the quoted sections. The very first point which needs clarity is that the concept of separate legal entity makes the two companies, i.e., Wines and Vineyards two different companies and the position of two could not be combined to show that the Group was insolvent. So, based on Walker v Wimborne and Industrial Equity Ltd v Blackburn, the debts of all the companies in Reynolds group cannot be treated as the debts of Wines. Also, when one of the companies under the group has assets for payment of the debts of the other company in the group as they fall due the recourse does not result in the company getting insolvent. The assets of Wines and Vineyards are not to be taken as the assets of each other due to the separate legal entity concept. Though, it was clear from the facts of the case that the Group was insolvent particularly due to the tax related issues (Austlii, 2007). With regards to section 588G, the facts which were available before the directors made it very clear that they were aware or should have been aware that there were grounds for doubt of insolvency of the company. The defence cited by the directors under section 588H would fail as there were reasonable grounds to suspect insolvency in this case. This is because a director cannot cite that they expected the company to be solvent on the basis of the prospect that the company may trade in a profitable manner in the future where its financial position would be restored as the question is regarding the relevant time period to pay the debts when they become due and not for a future period of time. The difference here is of solvency and insolvency in the hindsight which is often difficult for the directors to fathom. Hence, the directors were guilty of insolvent trading (Redmond, 2013). This would lead to the claims being raised by the directors regarding them trading in an honest manner, and for the use of section 1317S and 1318 for protecting them from being prosecuted or from having to bear the civil liabilities (Allens, 2010). In this regard, one needs to clarify between the sureties regarding how quickly the cash could be turned to pay the owed debts. The honesty would depend upon the reasonable expectation of solvency, no reasonable expectation of solvency, needing more information, or more likely or not. On the basis of the facts of this case, the claims of the defendants would fail regarding their liability not being present owing to the honesty element towards the costs of the liquidator and the litigation funders costs. The knowledge of Poolman regarding the financial position of the group companies throughout this period would lead to the failure of these claims. And the same reason would apply to Irving also even when he acted honestly (Redmond, 2013). Conclusion On the basis of the applicability of the facts of the case to the rules, it becomes very clear that Poolman had clear knowledge that the group was going through a tough period and so, allowed the company to indulge in insolvent trading which breached section 588G of this act and the defence under 588H would not be available to Poolman owing to the clear knowledge of the position. Regarding Irwin, even though the elements of honestly were present, the defence under sections 1317S and 1318 would not stand. Due to the actions of Poolman, in this case, the court exonerated Poolman for the liabilities for the debts which were incurred by the company during such period of time when the company was the director of the company. And so, for the debts which were incurred by the company, Poolman was made liable (Austlii, 2007). This case also allows the liquidators to feel safe knowing that the defendant cannot use the threat of ASIC investigation at them (Gallant, 2014). The court also noted i n this case that there is a public benefit in pursuing the insolvent trading claims based on the insolvent trading being an offence under the act (Trickey, 2016). References Allens. (2010) Focus: Court Completely Forgives Director's Insolvent Trading Liability. [Online] Allens. Available from: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/insol/foinsolfeb10.htm [Accessed on: 22/09/17] Austlii. (2007) Hall and Ors v Poolman and Ors [2007] NSWSC 1330 (23 November 2007). [Online] Austlii. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2007/1330.html [Accessed on: 22/09/17] Austlii. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Austlii. Available from: https://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ definitions [Accessed on: 11/09/17] Baxt, R. (2007) Duties and Responsibilities of Directors and Officers. 19th ed. Sydney, NSW: The Australian Institute of Company Directors. BRI Ferrier. (2015) Exoneration of directors from insolvent trading liability. [Online] The BRI Ferrier. Available from: https://briferrier.com.au/news/exoneration-of-directors-from-insolvent-trading-liability [Accessed on: 22/09/17] Cassidy, J. (2006) Concise Corporations Law. 5th ed. NSW: The Federation Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 11/09/17] Gallant, S. (2014) Supreme Court Puts Hall v Poolman Back In Its Box. [Online] ER Legal. Available from: https://www.eralegal.com.au/2014/08/15/supreme-court-puts-hall-v-poolman-back-box/ [Accessed on: 22/09/17] ICNL. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] ICNL. Available from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf [Accessed on: 11/09/17] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lewis, P.J. (2010) Company and Securities Law Journal. Company and Securities Law Journal, 28. Morrison, D. (2010) Recent developments. Insolvency Law Journal, 18. Paolini, A. (2014) Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Redmond, P. (2013) Corporations and Financial Markets Law. 6th ed. Sydney, NSW: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. References Armstrong Lawyers. (2007) Directors Duties. [Online] Armstrong Lawyers. Available from: https://www.vcta.asn.au/documents/item/400 [Accessed on: 11/09/17] Trickey, D. (2016) Hall v Poolman and the Impact on Liquidators Pursuing Insolvent Trading Claims. [Online] JHK Legal. Available from: https://www.jhklegal.com.au/hall-v-poolman-and-the-impact-on-liquidators-pursuing-insolvent-trading-claims/ [Accessed on: 22/09/17] WIPO. (2015) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] WIPO. Available from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 [Accessed on: 11/09/17] Wong, S. (2009) Forgiving a Directors Breach of Duty: A review of recent decisions. [Online] The University of Melbourne. Available from: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1709772/58-stevenwong_essay_6_May_20091.pdf [Accessed on: 22/09/17]